Inclusion Criteria:
1. Patients aged 18 years old and above. Eligibility is restricted to this age group
given that the battery of neurocognitive tests utilized in this protocol are not
developed or validated for use in a younger population.
2. History of a histopathologically and molecularly confirmed glioblastoma, per
Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to Central Nervous System
Tumor Taxonomy (c-IMPACT-NOW) criteria ("diffuse astrocytic glioma, IDH-wildtype, with
molecular features of glioblastoma, World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV"; this
requires presence of amplification of EGFR, whole chromosome 7 gain AND whole
chromosome 10 loss, or Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation.
3. Patients for which bevacizumab or lomustine are reasonable systemic treatments
following surgery.
4. Eligible patients must be experiencing a known or suspected first recurrence of a
supratentorial GBM following prior first-line concurrent TMZ and RT (allowed
hypofractionation of prior RT dose ≥ 40 Gray [Gy] of a planned 60 Gy dose) and at
least one cycle of adjuvant TMZ. RT must have concluded >45 days prior to enrollment,
and most recent adjuvant TMZ treatment(s) must have been concluded or terminated >10
days prior to enrollment. Prior adjuvant TMZ cycles up to 12, prior adjuvant
tumor-treating fields (TTF), and prior External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) doses via
proton or photon treatments up to 72 Gy equivalent are allowed. Note: This includes
infratentorial recurrences of tumors that were supratentorial at diagnosis. Tumors the
were infratentorial at diagnosis are excluded.
5. Eligible tumors are defined as the following:
1. Supratentorial. 2. A bi-dimensionally measurable lesion of at least 10 mm, visible on two or more
axial slices 5 mm apart.
3. The pre-operative tumor (including enhanced and unenhanced tumor) planned for
resection that is 60 mm2 or less in maximum cross section.
4. Tumor that in the opinion of the enrolling neurosurgeon is amenable to attempted
gross total resection (GTR). Prior diagnostic biopsy allowed.
5. Anticipated GammaTile placement (i.e., closest aspect of post resection tumor bed
that is anticipated to receive GammaTile placement) that is > 15mm from the optic
chiasm or brainstem.
6. Multifocal enhancing disease is allowed if it can be fully encompassed in one
operative bed while meeting criterion a-e.
6. Ability to complete an MRI of the head with and without contrast, and a non-contrast
CT.
7. All subjects fluent in English will complete neurocognitive evaluations. Patients not
fluent in English are allowed on trial but will not take neurocognitive tests as
comparative data is only available from tests in the English language.
8. Tumor O-6-methylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methyltransferase (MGMT)
methylation status must be available from any prior GBM tumor specimen; results of
routinely used methods for MGMT methylation testing (e.g., mutagenically separated
polymerase chain reaction [MSPCR] or quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) are
acceptable and results can be from a local lab or central lab used by a prior study.
9. Suspicion of suspected tumor recurrence is on imaging and/or histologic grounds. If
imaging, at a minimum a contrast-enhanced MRI scan ≤21 days prior to registration (at
the time of randomization) should meet Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO)
criteria.
10. Concomitant systemic or local anti-cancer medications or treatments, other than those
on this protocol, are prohibited in this study in the absence of progression.
11. Patients can be on a stable or decreasing dose of steroids for 1 week before the
screening MRI. Utilization of the lowest useful dose and shortest useful course are
encouraged.
12. Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of ≥ 70 documented within ± 21 days of signing
consent.
13. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Score (ECOG-PS) of <2 documented ≤ 21
days of signing consent.
14. Blood test results ≤ 21 days prior to surgery (can be re-run prior to surgery):
1. Leukocytes ≥ 2,500/mm3. 2. Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500/mm3. 3. Absolute lymphocyte count ≥ 800/mm3. 4. Platelets ≥ 75,000/mm3. 5. Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dL. 6. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (however,
patients with known Gilbert disease who have serum bilirubin level ≤ 3 x ULN may
be enrolled)
7. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])
8. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) ≤ 2.5
x ULN. 9. Alkaline phosphatase ≤ 2.5 x ULN. 10. Creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 by Cockcroft-Gault. 15. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test ≤7
days prior to randomization. Women must be willing to notify investigator immediately
if they become pregnant at any time during the trial period. They must be willing to
use a form of contraception to prevent pregnancy during treatment.
16. Willingness and ability to provide written informed consent or have their legally
authorized representative provide consent and Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability (HIPAA) authorization for them if they physically are unable to sign
prior to performance of any study-related procedure.
17. Availability of prior radiotherapy treatment plan details in Digital Imaging and
Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format is desired but not required for study
participation.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Any previous treatment for recurrent GBM.
2. Patients with suspected or confirmed radiation necrosis.
3. Known somatic tumor mutation in IDH1 or IDH2 gene. If not previously completed,
sequencing of the IDH1 and IDH2 genes is not required to determine trial eligibility.
4. Known germline DNA repair defect (mismatch repair deficiency, POLE mutation, e.g.). If
not previously completed, germline sequencing is not required to determine trial
eligibility.
5. Patients not appropriate for treatment with bevacizumab or lomustine, in the opinion
of the investigator or medical team.
6. Patients for whom any additional treatment is planned in the absence of recurrent or
progressive disease.
7. Leptomeningeal disease not expected to be encompassed by the surgical resection.
8. History of treatment with carmustine implants (Gliadel)
9. Previous or concurrent bevacizumab therapy for treatment of tumor. Use of bevacizumab
is allowed for reducing edema. Must be off of bevacizumab for at least 28 days prior
to surgery.
10. If bevacizumab is pre-planned for adjuvant systemic treatment, the following
contraindications to the use of bevacizumab, must be absent. (Note: If any of these
contraindications exist, the use of lomustine must be considered as the systemic
agent. If both bevacizumab and lomustine are inappropriate in the treating physician's
opinion, the patient must be excluded).
11. Clinically Significant Cardiovascular Disease Defined as follows: Inadequately
controlled hypertension (i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 160 mm Hg and/or
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mm Hg despite antihypertensive therapy).
1. History of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) ≤ 180 days.
2. Myocardial infarction or unstable angina ≤ 180 days.
3. Pulmonary embolism ≤180 days. 4. Evidence or history of bleeding diathesis (greater than normal risk of bleeding,
i.e., Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Type I or HHT-1) or coagulopathy in
the absence of therapeutic anti-coagulation or any hemorrhage/bleeding event >
Grade 3.
- - 28 days prior to registration.
Note: Patients with full-dose anticoagulants
are eligible provided the patient has been on a stable dose for ≥14 days.
12. Active wound, a serious or non-healing wound, an active ulcer or untreated bone
fracture.
13. History of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess
≤ 180 days prior to consenting.
14. Previous or current treatment with an investigational or FDA approved systemic therapy
for glioblastoma other than external beam radiation (proton or photon), temozolomide
(Temodar®), or tumor treatment fields (Optune®) (e.g., other forms of systemic
therapy, targeted therapeutics, immunotherapy).
15. Sensitivity to bovine (cow) derived materials including collagen products.
16. Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment has
the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the
investigational regimen are excluded from this trial.
17. Severe infections ≤ 21 days prior to signing consent including, but not limited to,
hospitalization for complications of infection, bacteremia, viral infections (COVID-19
[Corona Virus Disease 2019], Hepatitis B or C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]) or
severe pneumonia.
18. Major surgical procedure ≤21 days prior to protocol surgery or anticipation of need
for a major surgical procedure during the course of study treatment.
19. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, uncontrolled
hypertension (systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm
Hg) despite optimal medical management; myocardial infarction less than 6 months
before the planned surgery date; arterial thrombotic or embolic events, such as
cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischemic attacks) or pulmonary embolism
180 days before the planned surgery date, or psychiatric illness/social situations
that would impair understanding or limit compliance with study requirements, including
ability to complete neurocognitive assessments and quality of life questionnaires, and
returning for follow-up care. 20. Any concomitant therapy that, in the investigator's opinion, would interfere with the
evaluation of the safety or efficacy of the study device.
21. Women who are pregnant or nursing are excluded from this study.
22. Patients who experienced a toxicity of grade ≥ 3 (CTCAE v5) from prior GBM treatment,
unless they have sufficiently recovered as evidenced by a drop to grade ≤2 or have
full resolution.
