Inclusion Criteria:
1. Male/female participants who are at least 18 years of age on the day of signing
informed consent with histologically confirmed diagnosis of World Health Organization
Grade IV glioma (glioblastoma or gliosarcoma) with first recurrence of disease will be
enrolled in this study.
2. Only patients with confirmed IDH wild-type glioma will be enrolled in this study.
3. Participants must have undergone prior surgery and completed standard of care
treatment with concurrent temozolomide and radiation therapy.
4. Patient is a surgical candidate and resection is indicated as standard of care. Tumor
must be supratentorial for surgical candidacy.
5. Surgery is expected to achieve 60% or greater resection of enhancing tumor.
6. A male participant must agree to use a contraception as detailed in Appendix 5 of this
protocol during the treatment period and for at least 30 days (e.g. 5 terminal
half-lives for pembrolizumab and/or any active comparator/combination) plus an
additional 90 days (a spermatogenesis cycle) after the last dose of study treatment
and refrain from donating sperm during this period.
7. A female participant is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant (see Appendix
5), not breastfeeding, and at least one of the following conditions applies:
1. Not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) as defined in Appendix 5 OR. 2. A WOCBP who agrees to follow the contraceptive guidance in Appendix 5 during the
treatment period and for at least 150 days after the last dose of study
treatment.
8. The participant (or legally acceptable representative if applicable) provides written
informed consent for the trial.
9. Have unequivocal tumor progression and measurable disease based on mRANO criteria.
Lesions situated in a previously irradiated area are considered measurable if
progression has been demonstrated in such lesions.
10. Have provided archival tumor tissue sample or biopsy specimen of a tumor not
previously irradiated. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks are
preferred to slides. Newly obtained biopsies are preferred to archived tissue. Receipt
of archival tissue is not required for the start of treatment.
11. Have a Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) of ≥ 70 at the time of enrollment. Evaluaton
of KPS is to be performed within 7 days prior to the first dose of study
intervention.The participant is on a stable or decreasing dose of steroids of less
than or equal to 2 mg dexamethasone per day.
12. Have adequate organ function as defined in the following table (Table 3). Specimens
must be collected within 7-14 days prior to the start of study intervention.
System Laboratory Value Hematological Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1500/µL
Platelets ≥100 000/µL Hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL or ≥5.6 mmol/La Renal Creatinine OR
Measured or calculatedb creatinine clearance (GFR can also be used in place of
creatinine or CrCl) ≤1.5 × ULN OR. ≥30 mL/min for participant with creatinine levels >1.5 × institutional ULN Hepatic
Total bilirubin ≤1.5 ×ULN OR direct bilirubin ≤ULN for participants with total
bilirubin levels >1.5 × ULN AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) ≤2.5 × ULN (≤5 × ULN for
participants with liver metastases) Coagulation International normalized ratio (INR)
OR prothrombin time (PT) Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤1.5 × ULN
unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or aPTT is within
therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants ALT (SGPT)=alanine
aminotransferase (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase); AST (SGOT)=aspartate
aminotransferase (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase); GFR=glomerular filtration
rate; ULN=upper limit of normal.
a Criteria must be met without erythropoietin dependency and without packed red blood
cell (pRBC) transfusion within last 2 weeks.
b Creatinine clearance (CrCl) should be calculated per institutional standard.
Note: This table includes eligibility-defining laboratory value requirements for
treatment; laboratory value requirements should be adapted according to local
regulations and guidelines for the administration of specific chemotherapies.
13. All screening labs should be performed with 14 days (+3 working days) of treatment
initiation.
A baseline brain MRI must be obtained no more than 14 days (+3 working days) prior to
study enrollment on a stable or tapering dose of steroids no greater than 2 mg a day
of dexamethasone (or equivalent) for at least 5 days.
14. For MD Anderson patients only: ability and willingness to consent to protocols
PA13-0291 and 2012-0441.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. A WOCBP who has a positive urine pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to randomization
and each dose of the study treatment. In the event that 72 hours have elapsed between
the screening pregnancy test and the first dose of the study treatment, another
pregnancy test (urine or serum) must be performed and must be negative in order for
subject to start receiving the study medication. (see Appendix 5). If the urine test
is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be
required.
2. Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti PD L2 agent or with
an agent directed to another stimulatory or co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (eg, CTLA-4,
OX 40, CD137).
3. Has received prior systemic anti-cancer therapy including investigational agents
within 4 weeks prior to randomization.
4. Has received prior systemic anti-VEGF or anti-VEGFR treatment (e.g. bevacizumab,
cedirinab, aflibercept, vandertanib, XL-184, sunitinib, etc.)
5. Has received prior radiotherapy within 12 weeks of start of study intervention unless
there is histologically proven tumor recurrence. Participants must have recovered from
all radiation-related toxicities, not require corticosteroids, and not have had
radiation pneumonitis. A 1-week washout is permitted for palliative radiation (≤2
weeks of radiotherapy) to non-CNS disease.
6. Has received temozolomide within 4 weeks, lomustine within 6 weeks, or any
non-cytotoxic tumor directed therapy within 5 half-lives or 2 weeks of start of study
intervention.
7. Has received a live vaccine or live-attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to the
first dose of study drug. Administration of killed vaccines is allowed.
8. Is currently participating in or has participated in a study of an investigational
agent or has used an investigational device within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of
study intervention.Participants who have entered the follow-up phase of an
investigational study may participate as long as it has been 4 weeks after the last
dose of the previous investigational agent.
9. Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy
(in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of
immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
10. Treatment with systemic immunostimulatory agents (including but not limited to
interferon [IFN] or interleukin [IL]-2) within 6 weeks or five half-lives of the drug
(whichever is shorter) prior to Cycle 1, Day 1. 11. Patient's glioblastoma meets criteria to be defined as multifocal or multicentric.
12. Subjects presenting with the following imaging characteristics. 1. Evidence of acute intracranial hemorrhage.
2. Containing calcifications in the focused ultrasound sonication beam path in the
event system tools cannot tailor the treatment around these calcification spots. 3. Evidence of >2 mm midline shift evidence of subfalcine, uncal, or tonsillar
herniation on pre-operative imaging. 13. The sonication pathway to the tumor involves more than 30% of the skull area traversed
by the sonication pathway is covered by scars, scalp disorders (e.g., eczema), or
atrophy of the scalp.
14. Ferrous metallic implanted objects in the skull or the brain.
15. Cardiac disease or unstable hemodynamics including:
1. Documented myocardial infarction within six months of enrollment.
2. Unstable angina on medication.
3. Congestive heart failure.
4. Left ventricular ejection fraction <50%.
5. History of a hemodynamically unstable cardiac arrhythmia.
6. Cardiac pacemaker.
16. Stage 2 hypertension defined by the AHA (≥160 systolic or ≥100 mm Hg diastolic on two
or more readings (averaged) on two separate occasions) despite standard
anti-hypertensive therapy.
17. Anti-coagulant therapy, or medications known to increase risk of hemorrhage within
washout period prior to treatment (i.e., antiplatelet or vitamin K inhibitor
anticoagulants within 7 days, non-vitamin K inhibitor anticoagulants within 72 hours,
or heparin-derived compounds within 48 hours of treatment).
18. History of a bleeding disorder, coagulopathy or with a history of spontaneous tumor
hemorrhage. 19. Cerebral or systemic vasculopathy, including intracranial thrombosis, vascular
malformation, cerebral aneurysm or vasculitis.
20. Evidence of new focal neurological deficits including, but not limited to, motor
weakness or speech impairment within 7-14 days prior to the first BBBD procedure.
21. Active drug or alcohol use disorder.
22. Active seizure disorder or epilepsy (seizures despite medical treatment) for a minimum
of 4 weeks prior to first cycle/Exablate BBBD procedure captured by history.
23. Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or has required active treatment
within the past 3 years. Participants with basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous
cell carcinoma of the skin, or carcinoma in situ (eg, breast carcinoma, cervical
cancer in situ) that have undergone potentially curative therapy are not excluded.
24. Has known active CNS metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis.
25. Has severe hypersensitivity (≥Grade 3) to pembrolizumab and/or any of its excipients.
26. Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years
(i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive
drugs). Replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid
replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a
form of systemic treatment and is allowed.
27. Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease that required
steroids or has current pneumonitis/intersitial lung disease.
28. Has active infection requiring systemic therapy within 4 weeks prior to Cycle 1, Day
1, including but not limited to hospitalizations for complications of infection,
bactermia, or severe pneumonia.
29. Signs or symptoms of active infection withn 2 weeks prior to Cycle 1, Day 1. 30. Has a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
31. Has a known history of active tuberculosis.
32. Has a known history of Hepatitis B (defined as Hepatitis B surface antigen [HbsAg]
reactive) or known active Hepatitis C virus (defined as HCV RNA [qualitative] is
detected) infection. Note: no testing for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C is required
unless mandated by local health authority.
33. Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality
that might confound the results of the study, interfere with the participant's
participation for the full duration of the study, or is not in the best interest of
the participant to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator. Due to
the dire nature of the disease for which the research study provides a prospect of
direct benefit that is unavailable outside of the trial context, participants with
cognitive impairment will be enrolled. Cognitive function will be assessed by treating
physician or designee through a neurological examination. The formal consent for such
participants will be obtained from their legally authorized representative. However,
participants will be informed about the research to the maximum extent compatible with
the subject's understanding. Participants will be closely monitored per protocol
guidelines and decisions on continuing on study will be based on their treating
physician's evaluation of continued benefit or emergence of significant risk. Assent
will be obtained from such participants who will sign and date the consent form if
capable.
34. Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with
cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
35. Anticipation of need for a major surgical procedure during the course of the study
other than the planned clinical surgery (see Table 1: Schedule of Activities).
Definition of what constitutes a major surgical procedure is at the discretion of the
site investigator.
36. Is pregnant or breastfeeding or expecting to conceive or father children within the
projected duration of the study, starting with the screening visit through 120 days
after the last dose of trial treatment.
37. Has had an allogenic tissue/solid organ transplant.
38. Contraindication to obtaining MRIs.
39. Known sensitivity to gadolinium-based contrast agents.
40. Known sensitivity to DEFINITY® ultrasound contrast agent.
41. Known hypersensitivity to perflutren microsphere or it components, e.g., polyethylene
glycol, as found in Miralax and bowel prep products.
42. Participants must have recovered from all AEs due to previous therapies to ≤Grade 1 or
baseline. Participants with ≤Grade 2 neuropathy may be eligible. Participants with
endocrine-related AEs Grade ≤2 requiring treatment or hormone replacement may be
eligible. 43. If the participant had major surgery, the participant must have recovered adequately
from the procedure and/or any complications from the surgery prior to starting study
intervention.
44. Innability to comply with the study and follow up procedures.
