Clinical Trial Finder

Inclusion Criteria:

• - Subjects must have a history of: - Histologically confirmed primary breast cancer including primary invasive and metastatic breast cancers with imaging findings consistent with brain metastasis.

In the event that a patient presents with an initial diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer with imaging findings of a new brain metastases and unequivocal imaging findings of a primary breast cancer, consideration for study enrollment requires approval from the study chair (primary cohort) OR.

• - Histologically confirmed primary glioma including astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma of any World Health Organization grade with imaging findings consistent with recurrent or progressive disease (exploratory cohort).

Patients with ependymoma will not be included.

• - Subjects must be undergoing surgical resection for clinical purposes with anticipated resection of at least 300 mg of tissue.

• - Patients with any prior number of radiation (including brain radiation), chemotherapy, or surgical interventions will be eligible for this protocol.

• - The effects of ketoconazole on the developing human fetus are unknown.

For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately.

• - Ability to understand and the willingness to sign an Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved informed consent document (either directly or via a legally authorized representative).

Exclusion Criteria:

• - Subjects with contraindication to ketoconazole including: - Prior allergic reaction or intolerance of ketoconazole.

• - Known active hepatitis.

• - QTc prolongation (based on electrocardiography [EKG] obtained within 21 days of enrollment, with a threshold of >450 ms in males and >470 ms in female) - Known liver cirrhosis will be excluded from enrollment.

• - Positive serum pregnancy test within 21 days of enrollment.

• - Subjects currently taking medications that are included in the contraindicated concurrent medications section of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved indications for ketoconazole will be required to complete a seven day wash out period prior to consideration for enrollment.

• - Subjects for whom collection of blood, or tissue samples is unsafe or clinically inadvisable.

• - Pregnant women are excluded from this study because ketoconazole is a Class B agent with the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects.

Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with ketoconazole, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with ketoconazole.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

• I. To determine if ketoconazole alters the tGLI1 activation signature (tGAS) which is consisted of eight validated tGLI1 regulated genes (CD24, CD44, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR2, TEM7, OCT-4.

and heparanase) in tGLI1 expressing brain biospecimens. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

• I. To determine if pre-treatment with ketoconazole, an inhibitor of the tGLI1 pathway in tissue culture and animal models, reduces circulating tGLI1 associated exosomal miRNA expression (miR1290 and miR1246) in brain tumor patients.

• II. To describe the safety of ketoconazole when administered peri-operatively to patients with primary and secondary brain tumors.

• III. To measure the blood brain penetrance of ketoconazole in serum relative to enhancing brain tissue.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

• I. To measure blood brain penetration of ketoconazole in serum relative to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum relative to non-enhancing brain tissue (exploratory recurrent glioma patients only).

• II. To compare tGLI1 expression and pathway modulation with ketoconazole pre-treatment in patients with recurrent gliomas relative to breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM).

• III. To determine the overall survival and toxicity outcomes for patients that continue ketoconazole after surgery, at the discretion of the treating physician.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms. ARM I: Patients receive ketoconazole orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-4 before standard surgery in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. ARM II: Patients undergo standard surgery. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days.

Arms

Experimental: Arm I (ketoconazole)

Patients receive ketoconazole PO QD on days 1-4 before standard surgery in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Active Comparator: Arm II (standard surgery)

Patients undergo standard surgery.

Interventions

Other: - Best Practice

Undergo standard surgery

Drug: - Ketoconazole

Given PO